河流植物群落下底泥中碳氮磷和重金属富集效应分析

【目的】探明河流植物群落下的底泥中碳氮磷和重金属的积累机制。【方法】在淮河上游地区索河流域不同生境类型(浅滩区和浅水区)下分别选取3处当地优势植物扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculmis)和黑三棱(Sparganium stoloniferum)单优势群落,采集植物群落下和对照(植物盖度<5%)0～10 cm(表层)、≥10～20 cm(中层)和≥20～30 cm(下层)处的底泥,用独立样本t检验分析植物群落下3个层次的底泥中OC(有机碳)、TN(全氮)、TP(全磷)、As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn是否有显著富集效应,计算底泥中各元素的相对富集指数E(relative enrichment index, E),并用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)法分析相对富集指数的影响因素。【结果】扁秆藨草和黑三棱群落下的底泥中OC、TN、As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn有显著富集作用,且富集作用主要发生在表层底泥。整体上,植物群落下0～30 cm深的底泥中OC、TN和各重金属的E值主要受到各元素在底泥中本底值的影响,其次为植物种类,再次为生境类型,而底泥质地对其影响相对较小。【结论】在污染河流中种植当地优势挺水植物种可以使河流中的营养元素和重金属定向转移到植物群落下的底泥中,尤其是表层底泥中。这其中的主要驱动力表现为植物对水体中颗粒物和营养物质的拦截,以及植物枯落物和死亡根系的分解及矿化。扁秆藨草可能对Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb和Zn有吸收富集作用。     

重金属镉、铅胁迫下湿地植物丁香蓼的生理生化特征研究

为了研究乡土湿地植物对重金属污染的生理响应特征,并以此作为乡土植物修复湿地土壤重金属污染的可行性依据,以分布于乐安河上游重金属污染区域的优势湿地植物丁香蓼(Ludwigia prostrata)为研究对象,采用土培实验,设置不同浓度重金属镉、铅及其复合污染胁迫处理各盆栽中的土壤,经历2个不同培养周期后,分别测定不同重金属污染胁迫下丁香蓼的生长状况、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性等指标.研究结果表明:Cd、Pb单因素污染或其复合污染均能抑制丁香蓼的生长,且抑制作用随着各污染物浓度的增加而增强; 无论是Cd、Pb单因素或其双因素污染物对丁香蓼的胁迫均呈显著负相关; 丁香蓼叶片的叶绿素a、b及叶绿素a+b的含量则随着重金属污染物胁迫浓度的增加而呈下降趋势; 重金属Cd、Pb的单因素污染或其复合污染对丁香蓼叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)活性的影响表现出不同的趋势.     

土壤-茶树系统中重金属污染研究进展

茶叶重金属污染日益严重,已经对人体健康产生直接或间接的危害.茶园土壤是茶叶重金属的主要来源.对近年来重金属在茶园土壤和茶树中的积累特征、形态分布、迁移转化规律、影响因素、健康效应以及风险评价等研究现状进行综述,并提出茶园土壤-茶树系统中重金属研究展望.     

铜阳极泥的工艺矿物学

为了改进铜阳极泥中提取贵金属的工艺,采用XRD,SEM和显微镜的方法对阳极泥进行了工艺矿物学研究.研究结果表明,阳极泥中颗粒粒度45μm占1212%;主要元素为Ni,Cu,Se,Ag,Au;主要物相有金及其合金、银及其化合物、铜及其化合物、氧化镍、硫酸钡和黄铁矿等;金和银是主要贵金属,个别小颗粒金为金铅合金,银以硒化银和铜银硒的形式存在;铜和镍是主要贱金属:铜为单质铜、硫酸铜、硒化铜以及铜银硒,镍主要为氧化镍;铜阳极泥以硫酸铜为基底,氧化镍中经常包裹有单质铜.     

密云水库沉积物中重金属元素分布及形态研究

主要研究了北京市密云水库沉积物中重金属的总量以及形态分布特征,采用风险评价准则法(RAC)和Tucker3模型探讨沉积物中重金属的潜在危害性.结果表明,各重金属元素的平均含量都超过北京市土壤背景值,重金属元素有一定的富集.Cu有机结合态约占总量的3%～68%;Mn可交换态、碳酸盐结合态约占总量的1%～18%、7%～31%;Pb、Zn的铁锰氧化物结合态分别占总量的12%～53%、4%～27%;其它重金属均以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态为主,平均含量占总量的80%以上.根据RAC法得出,Mn(除采样点18)处于中等风险甚至高风险等级;Pb、Zn、Cu属从低风险到中等风险级;Ni、V、Cr、Ti的潜在生态风险较低.该结论将为北京市密云水库保护、人体健康安全保护措施的制定提供科学依据.     

巢湖流域典型城市环城河沉积物重金属形态及垂直分布特征

采用改良的连续提取法(BCR)对巢湖市环城河沉积物重金属总量及其赋存形态进行了测定和分析.结果表明,巢湖市环城河采样点表层(0～10 cm)沉积物中重金属的质量分数分别为29.5～224.3 mg·kg-1 (Pb),21.3～78.1 mg·kg-1 (Ni),67.5～1 126.3 mg·kg-1 (Cr),50.7～217.4 mg·kg-1 (Cu);新城区西环城河沉积物重金属的质量分数明显高于老城区东环城河;其中以Cr的质量分数在不同采样点差异最为显著.不同采样点沉积物中重金属总量随深度变化特征差异明显,西环城河沉积物不同深度重金属的质量分数较低,且随深度变化较小;受污染较严重的东环城河沉积物不同深度重金属的质量分数普遍较高,且垂直变化波动较大;所调查的4个沉积物柱状样能较好表征周边环境现状和污染历程.4个采样点不同深度沉积物重金属的可交换及碳酸盐结合态的质量分数占总量的百分比均不超过5％,Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在;Ni主要以残渣态存在;Cr主要以有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态存在;Cu则主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态存在;不同采样点柱状沉积物各重金属形态垂向分布也存在显著差异,次生相与原生相分布比值(Rsp)法分析结果显示,巢湖市东环城河2个采样点柱状沉积物R.值明显高于西环城河,其重金属潜在污染生态风险较高,其中Pb和Cr属于中度或重度污染水平.     

Spatial distribution and sources of soil heavy metals in the outskirts of Yixing City,Jiangsu Province,China

City outskirts serve as the concentration centers for the pollutants discharged from various sources such as industry,agriculture and transportation.With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization,the eco-environment of the city outskirts has become a hot spot of public concern.An analysis was conducted in this paper on the soil in the outskirts of Yixing City using frequency distribution functions.The heavy metal sources in this region had been divided into two components,i.e.natural background component and strong human disturbance component.The corresponding interpretation of the distribution pattern and features of heavy metal elements was presented by spatial analysis.The results showed that the strong human disturbance components of Hg,Pb,and Cu accounted for 36.9%, 26.7%,and 23.3%in their contents respectively,which indicated directly the serious effect of human activities on heavy metal contents.Hg and Pb,because of the human disturbance,showed the greatest spatial variability,and human activities intensified the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution.The anisotropic analysis showed the higher organisation of Hg and Zn in the direction of urban-rural transition,which indicated their spatial characteristics with urban-rural transition.Pb displayed distinctive structure in the vertical direction of urban-rural transition,which was largely controlled by highway distribution.Cu content in paddy fields was significantly higher than those of other land-use-types,and the agricultural non-point source pollution played an important role in the distribution pattern of Cu.     

Biomineralization process occurring in iron mud of coastal seepage area of Zhoushan Island, Zhejiang province

The biomineralization process of iron oxidizing bacteria and its influence on accumulation of metals were investigated by modern biological observation techniques （i.e., SEM and TEM） and geochemical methods, in coastal area of Zhoushan Island, Zhejiang province where a thick ancient wood layers were buried, Results show that the iron mud samples mainly contain Leptothrix-like sheaths and Gallionella-like stalks, which are known as neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria. These two bacteria are present as obviously different abundance in two sampling sites, which may be regulated by the geochemistry of seepage water. The biomineralization product of iron oxidizing bacteria is ferrihydrite, a poorly ordered iron oxide, and formation of amorphous mineral is affected by the factors of bacteria, minor Si and temperature preventing any further transformation into more crystalline phases. Organic functional groups, extracellular polymers and surface charges can provide favorable nucleation sites or template for formation of iron precipitates on the bacterial surface. The mineralization process of the iron oxidizing bacteria is divided into different stages, i.e., extracellular mineralization, intracellular mineralization and the whole cell mineralization. Furthermore, due to BIOS containing the bacterial organic matter, the accumulation capacity of metals specially Fe and Co is highly increased, suggesting that BIOS exert a degree of controlling in the cycling of metal elements in seepage area.     

秦岭铅锌矿冶炼厂区周边土壤重金属分布特征研究

目的为了解铅锌过程中重金属对周边土壤的污染情况。方法对秦岭凤县铅锌矿冶炼厂周边8个区域土壤中Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu等4种主要重金属的分布规律进行了初步研究,分析了冶炼厂周边环境现状,提出了对策建议。结果研究表明冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染严重,绝大部分区域重金属含量已超过对照点测定值和国家土壤环境质量二级标准,最高超标倍数依次为Zn10倍、Pb6．5倍、Cd6．2倍、Cu4．0倍。结论厂区常年主导下风向土壤中重金属含量高于上风向土壤中;冶炼厂周边土壤环境中重金属污染以Zn为主,其次为Pb和Cd,Cu污染较小。     

两种杂草修复污水厂污泥重金属污染的应用研究

以酸模叶蓼(Polygonum lapathifolium)、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)为试材,通过盆栽试验研究了杂草对污泥重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni的去除效果.结果表明,酸模叶蓼对Zn的去除率达到61.73%,对Ni的去除率为45.75%.对Zn、Ni具有良好的富集作用,可用于修复以Zn、Ni为主的重金属污染.将污泥与土壤按1∶3混合作为牛筋草的培养土,并适当地增加收割牛筋草的次数,能显著提高修复效率;牛筋草对Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni具有良好的富集作用,可作为Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni污染的修复植物.